What was the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in Bakke v. University of California Board of Regents (1978) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?
a. Affirmative action policies that consider race a plus factor (among other things) are permissible, as the advancement of diversity is a compelling government interest.
b. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.
c. Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.
d. All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.
Question 2
Which of the following laws would be the most likely to draw strict scrutiny from the Supreme Court when determining its constitutionality?
a. Male and female student athletes cannot compete on the same basketball team at the university level.
b. Businesses cannot discriminate against gays and lesbians in hiring and promotion decisions.
c. Those without a college degree are not eligible for upper-level civil service jobs.
d. Government contracts must be awarded to a contractor who is a racial minority whenever at least 10 percent of the bidders are minority-owned businesses.
When Union troops pushed toward Richmond in June of 1862, these slaves crossed the Rappahannock Rive
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