Answer to Question 1
Answer should include: First problem is that large changes may not permit the inclusion of a sufficient number of changes in the design because the terminal level of performance is reached sooner. The second problem is that criterion changes cannot be so large that they contradict good instructional practices. They changes must be detectable but achievable.
Answer to Question 2
Either of the following is correct:
People often think that negative reinforcement is the opposite of positive reinforcement and, therefore, assume negative reinforcement means punishment. However, the terms positive and negative refer to the presentation and removal of stimuli rather than the goodness or badness of the stimulus.
People confuse negative reinforcement and punishment because they both involve the use of aversive stimuli. However, it is important to note that in negative reinforcement, the aversive stimulus is present prior to the occurrence of a target behavior (resulting in an increase in the behavior over time), whereas with punishment, the aversive stimulus follows the occurrence of a target behavior
Wandering Albatrosses are colonial but have large widely spaced territories. Here a pair performs th
Edward Bellamy, author of the utopian novel Looking Backward (1888) Bellamy’s socialism worried many
Four cutaneous receptors that occur in human skin.
The horizontal phase shift of the resultant graph is
Typical bacterial population growth curve showing the initial lag phase
Immune-to-brain signaling occurs in response to infection, injury, and inflammation that occur in pe