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In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function, such as in acute kidney (renal) failure.
The heart is located in the center of the chest, with part of it tipped slightly so that it taps against the left side of the chest.
Drug-induced pharmacodynamic effects manifested in older adults include drug-induced renal toxicity, which can be a major factor when these adults are experiencing other kidney problems.
In 2010, opiate painkllers, such as morphine, OxyContin®, and Vicodin®, were tied to almost 60% of drug overdose deaths.
Inotropic therapy does not have a role in the treatment of most heart failure patients. These drugs can make patients feel and function better but usually do not lengthen the predicted length of their lives.