According to your text there are three conditions for making justified claims of cause and effect. Which of the following is NOT one of these conditions?
a. the independent and dependent variables must be related
b. the dependent variable must be manipulated by the researcher
c. the independent variable must precede the dependent variable
d. no other plausible explanations for the relation between the independent and dependent variables should exist
Question 2
What challenge(s) does a researcher face in doing existing statistics research?
A) paying for the data, which can be quite expensive
B) being creative in thinking about how to turn the data into variables that can answer research questions
C) locating subjects
D) None of the above
The same star field photographed with (a) a ground-based telescope, which is subject to poor seeing
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