Answer to Question 1
Albedo
Answer to Question 2
Postwar southern governments enacted numerous laws restricting the freedoms of their black populations. African Americans had a constitutional right to vote, but Southern states got around this by adopting poll taxes and literacy tests as prerequisites for voting. These effectively barred blacks, who were largely poor and illiterate, from participating in the political process.Laws enforcing racial segregation, collectively referred to as Jim Crow laws (named after a minstrel song stereotyping blacks), proliferated after Reconstruction, and many stayed on the books until the mid-1960s. States defended segregation under the doctrine of separate but equalkeeping whites and blacks apart was legal as long as public facilities for both races, such as schools, rail cars, and drinking fountains, were equal in quantity and quality. In reality, African American facilities were almost always inferior.