Answer to Question 1
ANSWER: Solar radiation management involves artificially reducing the amount of sunlight absorbed by the climate system. Proposed methods include injecting aerosols such as SO2 into the stratosphere to reflect sun energy, much as occurs naturally with very large volcanic eruptions. Although this would decrease global temperatures, it would also likely produce a small but significant decrease in global precipitation, potentially affecting freshwater supplies for drinking and agriculture, and aerosols would likely cause modest depletion of polar stratospheric ozone (i.e., increase the size of the ozone hole), which protects us from cancer-causing ultraviolet sunlight. Because the SO2 would wash out of the atmosphere within a year or two, the injection would have to be done almost every year. Another problem is that if solar radiation management were terminated because of cost or unanticipated consequences, without other mitigation strategies surface temperatures would increase within a decade or two to what they would have been without the intervention. In addition, the management would not compensate for ocean acidification from increasing CO2.
Answer to Question 2
ANSWER: Charging customers more during high-demand periods causes energy use during those periods to decline. This prevents the need to add more capacity to address the total need during high-demand periods.
An example of the founder effect with subsequent adaptive radiation.
Ionizing Radiation
The Solar Constant
Overview of the Solar System
Solar system
Primer walking versus shotgun sequencing approaches