Answer to Question 1
Sea arches and sea stacks form from headlands that are attacked by waves because of refraction. First, sea caves may form from this erosive action, but when sea caves on opposite sites of a headland unite, this is called a sea arch. Eventually, the arch falls in, leaving a sea stack. Wave-cut cliffs originate in the cutting action of the surf against the base of coastal land. As erosion progresses, rocks overhanging the notch at the base of the cliff crumble into the surf and the cliff retreats. Tombolos and spits form when beach and longshore drift move sediment along shore. When the sediment forms a sand ridge that is elongated across part of the mouth of a bay, this is called a spit. When the sediment forms a sand ridge that connects an island to another island or the mainland, this is called a tombolo. A bay mouth bar forms when a spit extends clear across a bay's mouth from additional sediment deposition at the end of
the spit.
Answer to Question 2
A wave-cut platform, formed by wave erosion wearing down the coast into a relatively flat, bench-like surface, later gets uplifted by tectonic forces. This is called a marine terrace.
Figure 7.1 shows the rapid decline in the trust of Americans in government since the 1960s. This de
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