Answer to Question 1
Answer: A clustered rural settlement is an agricultural based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings. A clustered rural settlement typically includes homes, barns, tool sheds, and other farm structures, plus consumer services, such as religious structures, schools, and shops. A handful of public and business services may also be present in the clustered rural settlement, often centered on an open area called a common.
Much of rural England was laid out in clustered settlements. When early English settlers reached New England they originally built clustered settlements. They typically traveled to the New World in a group and wanted to live close together to reinforce common cultural and religious values. The contemporary New England landscape contains remnants of the old clustered rural settlement pattern.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: The clustered circular rural settlement consists of a central open space surrounded by structures. Von Thnen observed this circular rural pattern in Germany in his landmark agricultural studies in the early nineteenth century. Germany's Gewandorf settlements consisted of a core of houses, barns, and churches encircled by different types of agricultural activities.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Maasai people, who are pastoral nomads, build circular settlements known as kraal as camps; women have the principal responsibility for constructing them. The kraal villages have enclosures for livestock in the center, surrounded by a ring of houses.
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