Answer to Question 1
Answer: Near coastal regions or along the shores of large lakes, the differential heating and cooling rates for land and water form a diurnal (daily) pattern of reversing winds. During the daytime (especially in summer), land surfaces warm more rapidly than the adjacent water, which causes the air column overlying the land to expand and rise upward. At a height of about 1 km (0.6 mi), the rising air spreads outward, which causes an overall reduction in the surface air pressure. Over the adjacent water less warming takes place, so the air pressure is greater than that over land. The air over the water moves toward the low-pressure area over the land, which sets up the daytime sea breeze. At night, when the land surface cools more rapidly than the water, the air over the land becomes dense and generates a land breeze. That is, lower land temperatures make for higher surface pressure and offshore flow. A diurnal pattern of reversing winds similar to the land/sea breeze system also exists among mountains and valleys. During the day, mountain slopes oriented toward the sun heat most intensely. The air over these sunny slopes warms, expands upward, and diverges outward at higher altitudes in much the same way as it does over inland areas when a sea breeze develops. The valley breeze occurs when air flows up from the valleys to replace it. At night, the mountains cool more rapidly than do low-lying areas, so the air becomes denser and sinks toward the valleys to produce a mountain breeze.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: South equatorial current, north equatorial current, Gulf stream, Labrador current, Canary current, north equatorial current
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