Answer to Question 1
Answer: theocracies
Answer to Question 2
Answer: Philological nationalism is the idea that mother tongues have given birth to nations. This idea persists despite the fact that standard languages usually were, and still are, the product of deliberate efforts by centralizing governments to create national identities and loyal citizens. Standardized languages cannot emerge before mass schooling and mass literacy or, alternatively, universal service in a national army. Usually these centralizing pressures transform the language of a small percentage of the population, the political or cultural elite, into the national language. For example, at the time of the French Revolution in 1789, for example, 50 of the population did not speak French at all, and only 12-13 spoke the standard language. The new French Republic used education in French as a way to unify different language regions.
The New Face of America
Kobe, Japan Liquefaction of soft fill after a 6.9
English Colonies on the Atlantic Seaboard
Faith Ringgold, God Bless America, No. 13 from the series American People.
Two water pipes together can fill a certain tank in 6 h
What We Eat in America