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Bacteria have flourished on the earth for over three billion years. They were the first life forms on the planet.
In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function, such as in acute kidney (renal) failure.
People about to have surgery must tell their health care providers about all supplements they take.
In 1886, William Bates reported on the discovery of a substance produced by the adrenal gland that turned out to be epinephrine (adrenaline). In 1904, this drug was first artificially synthesized by Friedrich Stolz.
Automated pill dispensing systems have alarms to alert patients when the correct dosing time has arrived. Most systems work with many varieties of medications, so patients who are taking a variety of drugs can still be in control of their dose regimen.