Historically, assessment has been used at the end of a unit or course of study to determine the amount that students have learned. More recent conceptions view assessment as a process designed to support and increase student learning. Which of the following best describes the comparison between the historical view and the more recent conception?
a. The historical view describes only formal assessment, but the more recent conception describes both informal and formal assessment.
b. The historical view describes assessment of learning, and the more recent conception describes assessment for learning.
c. The historical view describes paper-and-pencil assessments, and the more recent conception describes performance assessments and portfolios.
d. The historical view describes only the process of gathering information about student learning, but the more recent conception describes both the process of gathering information and making decisions based on that information.
Question 2
Which of the following characteristics of effective communication refers to the teacher talk that eliminates vague terms from explanations and responses to students' questions?
a. Transition signals
b. Connected discourse
c. Emphasis
d. Precise language
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