Three of the following statements reflect contemporary perspectives of instrumental conditioning and reinforcement. Which one does not?
a. Punishment has a more pronounced effect on behavior than reinforcement does.
b. Behavior can sometimes be better understood if we look at complex environmental conditions rather than at simple, specific stimuli.
c. Instrumental conditioning can more adequately be explained when we talk about mental processes as well as observable events.
d. Any single consequence may be more or less reinforcing depending on a learner's particular motives at the time.
Question 2
Jimmy misbehaved in class and his teacher punished him by forcing him to skip recess. Withholding recess is generally an ineffective form of punishment because:
a. teachers do not consider recess a pleasant stimulus.
b. many arguments arise during recess making it a negative situation for most children.
c. recess provides a break from academic activities, which improves children's concentration.
d. recess is too short of a time interval.
Evolutionary ecologists live and do research in contemporary cultures that maintain all or some aspe
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