Answer to Question 1
Microloans are small, short-term loans. They provide such basic things as seed and fertilizer for a peasant farmer to start growing tomatoes, some pans for a baker to start baking bread, a supply of yarn for a weaver, some tools for an auto mechanic, and so on. Loans are secured by having the recipients form credit associationsgroups of several people who agreed to be responsible for each other's loans.
Answer to Question 2
Family planning is the ability of people to plan their own family size; that is, to have children only if and when they want them. Additionally, family-planning services include counseling and education on sexually transmitted diseases and contraceptives, on the best possible pre- and postnatal health for mother and children, and on how to avoid high-risk pregnancies, as well as providing contraceptive materials or treatments after people have been properly instructed about all alternatives.
Family planning is critical for lowering fertility rates. Those countries that have implemented effective family-planning programs have experienced the most rapid decline in fertility. Encouraging and implementing family planning is the first and most important step a country can take to improve its chances of developing economically.
Women who are not currently using contraception, but who want to postpone or prevent childbearing, are said to have an unmet need.
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A system absorbs 623 J of heat while doing 457 J of work. What is the value of U?