Answer to Question 1
A
The work of Joffe and colleagues emphasizes that studies of the efficacy of treatment may need to focus on the client's perception of benefit, not on DSM-based diagnostic criteria. Except when due to organic causes, mania almost never occurs without depression. Nearly all persons with mania have a form of bipolar disorder.
Answer to Question 2
A
The elderly client who has a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder would most likely respond best to an emphasis on the here and now. Since psychosocial factors are thought to be greatly responsible for this type of depression, counseling often focuses on a restructuring and greater involvement in social activities. Focusing on the here and now would be better for the client, than focusing on past disappointments or abilities.
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