The nurse is working with a 15-year-old client suffering from low ...

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The nurse is working with a 15-year-old client suffering from low self-esteem. According to Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory, which factor has most probably influenced this client's self-esteem?
 
  A. Regret over life choices
  B. Lack of personal concern for others
  C. Inconsistent, overly harsh, or absent parental discipline
  D. Parental labeling of the child as good regardless of their behavior.

Question 2

A 40-year-old female client has never experienced an intimate relationship. A nursing student tells an instructor that this client remains in Erikson's developmental stage of intimacy versus isolation. What is the instructor's most appropriate reply?
 
  A. Erikson's stages of development are assessed by chronological age, not task achievement. This client is in the generativity versus stagnation stage, which occurs from 30 to 65 years of age.
  B. Erikson's stages of development are assessed by task achievement, not chronological age. This client is in the intimacy versus isolation stage, which occurs from 20 to 30 years of age.
  C. Erikson's stages of development are assessed by task achievement, not chronological age. This client is in the generativity versus stagnation stage, which occurs from 30 to 65 years of age.
  D. Erikson's stages of development are assessed by chronological age, not task achievement. This client is in the intimacy versus isolation stage, which occurs from 20 to 30 years of age.

[ebenov]

Answer to Question 1

ANS: C
When there is inconsistent, overly harsh, or absent discipline in the home, it is difficult for a teenager to develop the independent sense of self needed to achieve a positive self-esteem.

Answer to Question 2

ANS: A
Erikson's stages of development are assessed by chronological age, not task achievement. This client is in Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation because she is 40 years old. The student has failed to recognize that even though the client did not successfully achieve the intimacy task of the intimacy versus isolation stage, the client must now be assessed at the age-appropriate developmental stage of generativity versus stagnation.