Answer to Question 1
B
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When an indwelling catheter is absolutely necessary, the tubing should be placed lower than the client's bladder to prevent any backflow of urine into the bladder. Indwelling catheters should be avoided, because elderly clients have increased susceptibility to UTIs. In women, thorough cleansing should always be done from the urinary area toward the rectal area to prevent organisms in the stool from entering the bladder, but in this case, it is a secondary measure. Bladder training is much more desirable, but it is not undertaken while the catheter is in place. A single-use packet of lubricant jelly should be used for catheter insertion, as it helps to reduce pain, but it is not related to UTI prevention.
Answer to Question 2
C
Teach a patient that diet influences plaque formation and development of dental caries. Acidic fruits in the patient's diet will reduce plaque formation. To prevent tooth decay, patients some-times need to change eating habits (e.g., reducing intake of carbohydrates, consumption of soda, and especially sweet snacks between meals).
Urinary calculi.
Five step nursing process
Nursing Interventions to Promote Healthy Coping Styles
Testing the Achilles tendon reflex with client in a supine position
The client is positioned for the examination
Principles of Pediatric Nursing: Caring for Children (Ball et al.)