Answer to Question 1
D
Patients unable to communicate effectively often require special attention during assessment. Some examples are the following:
Infants and children
Patients who are critically ill and/or unconscious
Patients with dementia
Patients who are mute or aphasic
Patients with an intellectual disability
Patients at the end of life
These patients all require different assessment approaches. However, be alert for subtle behaviors that indicate pain. Note a patient's vocal response (e.g., moaning, crying, gasping), facial movements (e.g., grimacing, clenched teeth, tightly closed eyes), and body movements (e.g., restlessness, increased hand and finger movements, pacing), or inactivity. While the other responses are appropriate, the patient is currently exhibiting signs of pain, making it the priority.
Answer to Question 2
D
In patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), patients benefit from having control over their pain therapy. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a safe method for a variety of painful conditions, including but not limited to postoperative, traumatic, sickle cell crisis, cancer, and burns. NSAIDs are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, which are effective in treating mild to moderate pain. NSAIDs act by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandins and by inhibiting the cellular responses during inflammation. Adjuvants or coanalgesic agents, such as sedatives, anticonvulsants, steroids, antidepressants, antianxiety agents, and muscle relaxants, have analgesic properties, enhance pain control, or relieve symptoms.
The patient interview often requires note taking.
The nurse assists the patient in reflecting on his feelings
Position of patient to assess jugular vein distention
A histologic slide showing the sponge-like architecture of a patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.
Two developmental paths for stimulated B lymphocytes
Locations of early developmental events.