In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual who ...

[crobinson2013]

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual who reaches level II, the conventional level, is expected to exhibit which one of the following?
 
  a. Absolute obedience to authority
  b. Reasoning based on personal gain
  c. Personal internalization of others' expectations
  d. Self-chosen ethical principles, universality, and impartiality

Question 2

Which of the following is a nonpharmacological approach that the nurse may implement for clients experiencing pain, and which focuses on promoting pleasurable and meaningful stimuli?
 
  a. Acupuncture
  b. Distraction
  c. Biofeedback
  d. Ice pack

[ambernicolefink]

Answer to Question 1

C
At level II, the conventional level, the person sees moral reasoning based on his or her own per-sonal internalization of societal and others' expectations.
In stage 1, the child's response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules.
At level I, the preconventional level, the person reflects on moral reasoning based on personal gain.
In stage 6, according to Kohlberg, a person has self-chosen ethical principles, universality, and impartiality.

Answer to Question 2

B
Pleasurable stimuli cause the release of endorphins. The nurse assesses activities enjoyed by the client that may act as distractions. Distraction directs a client's attention to something else and thus can reduce the awareness of pain and even increase tolerance.
Acupuncture does not focus on promoting pleasurable and meaningful stimuli. Acupuncture may help reduce chronic and acute pain.
Biofeedback focuses on an individual's physiological responses (e.g., blood pressure or tension) and ways to exercise voluntary control over those responses.
An ice pack may reduce pain perception, but it would not be considered a pleasurable stimulus.

[crobinson2013]

Excellent

[mcarey591]

TYSM