Answer to Question 1
B
There is no evidence to suggest that patients with dementia and other forms of cognitive impairment do not experience pain. It is most likely that they cannot effectively communicate the intensity or quality of pain and are therefore at risk for underassessment of pain and inadequate pain relief. Be aware of behavioral cues indicating pain rather than relying on verbal report. Failure to request pain medication is not likely a result of hesitation to habitually ask for it or reliance on others; rather, it is likely owing to inability to effectively express to the caregiver that analgesia is needed.
Answer to Question 2
C
Insertion of an indwelling urinary catheter is a sterile procedure for all patients. If the catheter upon insertion touches the labia or vagina (female), unsterile bed linens, or any part of the patient's body, it is contaminated. The nurse must obtain and insert a new, sterile catheter. Cleansing a catheter with povidone-iodine (Betadine) or alcohol is not acceptable, as this does not sterilize the catheter. The nurse should not continue the procedure without obtaining a new catheter.