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Many of the drugs used by neuroscientists are derived from toxic plants and venomous animals (such as snakes, spiders, snails, and puffer fish).
It is believed that the Incas used anesthesia. Evidence supports the theory that shamans chewed cocoa leaves and drilled holes into the heads of patients (letting evil spirits escape), spitting into the wounds they made. The mixture of cocaine, saliva, and resin numbed the site enough to allow hours of drilling.
In 2010, opiate painkllers, such as morphine, OxyContin®, and Vicodin®, were tied to almost 60% of drug overdose deaths.
Essential fatty acids have been shown to be effective against ulcers, asthma, dental cavities, and skin disorders such as acne.
The Romans did not use numerals to indicate fractions but instead used words to indicate parts of a whole.
![First-pass effect: (a) drugs are absorbed; (b) drugs enter hepatic portal circulation and go directl](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_46687_12_12_14_7_07_21_195641052.jpeg)
![Multiple-dose drug administration. Drug A and drug B are administered every 12 hours. Drug B reaches ...](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/28/medium_482573_25_04_17_9_15_18_28355127.jpeg)