Answer to Question 1
A
Feedback:
When stimulated, the SNS prepares the body to flee or to turn and fight. Cardiovascular activity increases, as do blood pressure, heart rate, and blood flow to the skeletal muscles. Respiratory efficiency also increases; bronchi dilate to allow more air to enter with each breath, and the respiratory rate increases. Pupils dilate to permit more light to enter the eye to improve vision in darkened areas. PNS would lower heart rate and blood pressure and would constrict pupils. Stimulation of muscarinic receptors cause pupil constriction, increased gastrointestinal (GI) motility and secretions (including saliva), increased urinary bladder contraction, and a slowing of the heart rate. Stimulation of nicotinic receptors causes muscle contractions, autonomic responses such as signs and symptoms of a stress reaction, and release of norepinephrine and epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
Answer to Question 2
A
Feedback:
Stimulation of the limbic system, which appears to be responsible for the expression of emotions, may lead to anger, pleasure, motivation, and stress. The forebrain is where thinking and coordination of sensory and motor activity occur. The hindbrain controls vital functions and arousal. The cerebellum controls motor functions that regulate balance.
Photograph of an occupational therapist assisting a patient with learning independence in activities
The nurse uses a noninvasive bladder ultrasound to measure the client’s bladder volume.
The medical assistant escorts the patient into the examination room.
Positioning the Patient in the Supine Position
A goniometer is used to measure range of motion of the patient’s arm.
Variations in patient response to drugs