Answer to Question 1
ANS: B, D
Prostaglandins play a major role in protecting the stomach walls from injury by stomach acids and enzymes. They inhibit gastric acid secretion, maintain blood flow, and stimulate mucus and bicarbonate production. Mucous cells secrete mucus that coats the stomach wall and protects the stomach wall from hydrochloric acid and the digestive enzyme pepsin. For decades, ulcer treatment focused on reducing acid secretions (anticholinergic agents, H2 antagonists, proton pump inhibitors), neutralizing acid (antacids), or coating ulcer craters to hasten healing (sucralfate). Major changes in therapy have come about because the FDA has approved antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori. Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. It has an important role in the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in the intestine, and failure to produce or use intrinsic factor results in the condition termed pernicious anemia.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: C
For indigestion, antacids should not be administered for more than 2 weeks. If after this time the patient is still experiencing discomfort, a health care provider should be contacted. A time frame of hours or days is less than the acceptable time interval. A time frame of months is greater than the acceptable time interval.
Body size and population density of herbivorous mammals
The vulva, sagittal section illustrating how the labia majora and labia minora cover and protect the
upper body
Body weight estimates.
The graph of y = sqrt(x) is vertically stretched by a factor
The traditional human karyotypes derived from a normal female and a normal male