Answer to Question 1
S-waves cause side-to-side motion. These waves cannot travel through liquid, so they do not make it through Earth's liquid outer core. P-waves vibrate the material through which they pass back and forth along the direction of travel of the wave. P-waves go a little faster than S-waves. Also P-waves can travel through liquid so these can be seen on the other side of the planet from the earthquake source.
Answer to Question 2
D