Answer to Question 1
A constant-volume gas thermometer consists of a bulb filled with a dilute gas connected by a thin tube to a mercury manometer. The volume of the gas is kept constant by raising or lowering the right-hand tube of the manometer so that the mercury in the left-hand tube coincides with the reference mark. An increase in temperature causes a proportional increase in pressure in the bulb. Thus the tube must be lifted higher to keep the gas volume constant. the height of the mercury in the right-hand column is then a measure of the temperature. This thermometer gives the same results for all gases in the limit of reducing the gas pressure in the bulb toward zero.
Answer to Question 2
If the flow is smooth, such that neighboring layers of the fluid slide by each other smoothly, the flow is said to be streamline or laminar flow. In laminar flow, each particle of the fluid follows a smooth path, called a streamline, and these paths do not cross one another. Above a certain speed, the flow becomes turbulent. Turbulent flow is characterized by erratic, small, whirlpool-like circles called eddy currents.
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