Yalda is a research scholar in the Department of Psychology at University of Umbria. She wants to compare the effectiveness of moral education with that of threats of social and financial coercion as a deterrent to tendencies of cheating and corruption. She has resorted to random assignment of the participants to the groups to remove any systematic bias. But, neither Yalda nor the participants have the required amount of time or scope to delve into the treatment specific change of the dependent variable in each participant. She wants her study to have minimal unknown variances to the dependent variable. She does not want threats to internal validity such as history, maturation, order effects, and sequence effects to dilute the effectiveness of her findings. Which of the following research designs is suitable for her study?
a. Counterbalanced crossover design
b. Crossover design
c. Pretest-posttest control group design
d. Posttest-only control group design
Question 2
Which of the statements below is CORRECT in describing the way empathy is used in cognitive-behavioral counseling?
a. To help the client be open to non-defensively hearing the therapist's interpretation of unconscious dynamics.
b. To encourage clients to identify, experience, and critically reflect upon their emotional inner experiences.
c. To empower clients to transfer learning in session to address areas of concern in their everyday lives.
d. To create rapport with clients so the counselor can intervene to change the client's behaviors, thoughts and emotions.
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