How does institutional discrimination differ from individual ...

[shofmannx20]

How does institutional discrimination differ from individual discrimination? Provide three examples of institutional discrimination.
 
  What will be an ideal response?

Question 2

A color gradient is ________.
 
  a. the placement of people on a continuum from light to dark skin color
  b. the placement of people in distinct racial groupings by skin color
  c. an integration of cultures and social movements of people and the exchange of ideas
  d. a contradiction of the social construction of race in which social class is linked to racial purity

[komodo7]

Answer to Question 1

Institutional discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society. Civil rights activist Stokely Carmichael and political scientist Charles Hamilton are credited with introducing the concept of institutional racism. Individual discrimination refers to overt acts of individual Whites against individual Blacks; Carmichael and Hamilton reserved the term institutional racism for covert acts committed collectively against an entire group. From this perspective, discrimination can take place without an individual intending to deprive others of privileges and even without the individual being aware that others are being deprived. A few documented examples of institutional discrimination follow:

1 . Standards for assessing credit risks work against African Americans and Hispanics who seek to establish businesses because many lack conventional credit references. Businesses in low-income areas where these groups often reside also have much higher insurance costs.
2 . IQ testing favors middle-class children, especially the White middle class, because of the types of questions included.
3 . The entire criminal justice system, from the patrol officer to the judge and jury, is dominated by Whites who find it difficult to understand life in poverty areas.

Answer to Question 2

a