Answer to Question 1
Surveys regularly show that different ethnic and racial groups have different perceptions, whether on immigration policies or racial profiling, or on whether discrimination occurs in the labor force. Sociologist Robert Blauner contends that Blacks and Whites see racism differently. Minorities see racism as central to society, as ever present, whereas Whites regard it as a peripheral concern and a national concern only when accompanied by violence or involving a celebrity. African Americans and other minorities consider racist acts in a broader context: It is racist if my college fails to have Blacks significantly present as advisers, teachers, and administrators. Whites would generally accept a racism charge if there had been an explicit denial of a job to an appropriately qualified minority member. Furthermore, Whites would apply the label racist only to the person or the few people who were actually responsible for the act. Members of minority groups would be more willing to call most of the college's members racist for allowing racist practices to persist. For many Whites, the word racism is a red flag, and they are reluctant to give it the wide use typically employed by minorities, that is, those who have been oppressed by racism.
Answer to Question 2
b
Political parties vs interest groups
Funeral Rituals and Practices among U.S. Cultural Groups
As some groups do ethnic work, they produce a mythical long-lost heritage, as in this photo of ...
Ethnic Fractionalization versus GDP per Capita
Functional Groups of Carbon
Groups of Sheep