Answer to Question 1
During the late nineteenth century and into the first half of the twentieth century, the problem of how to deal with growing numbers of unemployed and homeless youths increased. Groups such as the Wickersham Commission of 1931 and the International Association of Chiefs of Police became the leading voices for police reform. Their efforts resulted in the creation of specialized police units, known as delinquency control squads.
The most famous police reformer of the 1930s was August Vollmer. As the police chief in Berkeley, California, Vollmer instituted numerous reforms, including university training, modern management techniques, and prevention programs, as well as juvenile aid bureaus. These bureaus were the first organized police services for juvenile offenders.
Federal funding from the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), an agency set up to fund justice-related programs, was a catalyst for developing hundreds of new police programs and enhancing police services for children. By the 1980s, most urban police departments recognized that the problem of juvenile delinquency required special attention.
Answer to Question 2
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Events of the absorptive state.
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