Answer to Question 1
d
Answer to Question 2
In 1816, prominent New Yorkers formed the Society for the Prevention of Pauperism. Although they concerned themselves with shutting down taverns, brothels, and gambling parlors, they also were concerned that the moral training of children of the dangerous classes was inadequate.
Soon other groups concerned with the plight of poor children began to form. Their focus was on extending government control over youthful activities (drinking, vagrancy, and delinquency) that had previously been left to private or family control.
These activists became known as child savers. Prominent among them were penologist Enoch Wines, Judge Richard Tuthill, Lucy Flowers of the Chicago Women's Association, Sara Cooper of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and Sophia Minton of the New York Committee on Children.
Poor children could become a financial burden, and the child savers believed these children presented a threat to the moral fabric of society.
Child saving organizations influenced state legislatures to enact laws giving courts the power to commit children who were runaways or criminal offenders to specialized institutions.
The endosymbiosis theory
Olmsted, Vaux & Co., General plan of Riverside, Illinois.
Jeremy Bentham, A General Idea of a Penitentiary Panopticon, drawn by Willey Reveley.
Stages of General Anesthesia
Injectable General Anesthetics
The medulla and the midbrain are largely developed at birth