Answer to Question 1
TRUE
Answer to Question 2
Youth who engage in delinquency and also get caught and labeled are called pure deviants.
Conformists are both rule-abiding and free of negative labels.
Some youth are falsely accused or blamed for something they did not do, while others who continually break rules are able to avoid labeling; these are called secret deviants.
Pure deviants are the youths most likely to repeat their antisocial activities, while conformists are the ones most likely to stay straight and never engage in antisocial behaviors.
If labeling theory is valid, then the falsely accused will be more likely to become secondary deviants (i.e., chronic offenders) than the secret deviants.
While the latter may be more troubled, because they have escaped the labeling process they are not affected by negative stigma.
According to social reaction theory, negative labels, even false ones, are the critical element that create secondary deviance and result in a delinquent career.
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