Answer to Question 1
Cohen believes that lower-class individuals must strive to meet middle-class norms (for instance, school success) and that failure to achieve such goals, which are often out of their reach, allows for a continuation of stereotypical behavior in which their past failures continue to be brought up each time they try to succeed. Cohen separates these groups into three categories; corner boys, college boys, and delinquent boys.
Answer to Question 2
The public duty doctrine holds that government police officers who fail to prevent
crime while acting within the scope of their official capacity are not liable to specific
individuals for injury or harm that may have been caused by a third party. For
example, the police would not be liable if X was sexually assaulted, Y was murdered,
Z was robbed, or McDonald's was burglarized. Exceptions are based on the special
relationship, where if a duty is owed to a particular person rather than to the general
public, then a police officer or agency that breaches that duty can be held liable.
The rationale for the doctrine and these exceptions is that without the protection of
the public duty doctrine, nobody would ever want to be a police officer because of
possible civil liability every time a crime is committed under the claim of failure to
protect.
MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography.
Descartes’ Theory
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