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Drug-induced pharmacodynamic effects manifested in older adults include drug-induced renal toxicity, which can be a major factor when these adults are experiencing other kidney problems.
By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%.
In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function, such as in acute kidney (renal) failure.
Once thought to have neurofibromatosis, Joseph Merrick (also known as "the elephant man") is now, in retrospect, thought by clinical experts to have had Proteus syndrome. This endocrine disease causes continued and abnormal growth of the bones, muscles, skin, and so on and can become completely debilitating with severe deformities occurring anywhere on the body.
The first documented use of surgical anesthesia in the United States was in Connecticut in 1844.