Answer to Question 1
Turbidity currents are underwater currents composed of mud, rock, and debris flowing along the continental shelf and down the continental slope. The source of the rock, mud, and debris is continental. Turbidite deposits are formed by turbidity currents when the mud, rock, and debris are deposited on the ocean floor in layers known as graded bedding.
Answer to Question 2
Early mariners used the Sun and moon, the nighttime stars, the behavior of marine organisms, various ocean properties to navigate. Early Polynesian navigators sailed to small islands located at great distances across the Pacific Ocean with the help of an ingenious device called a stick chart, a map that depicts the dominant pattern of ocean waves. European sailors determined latitude at sea by measuring the position of the Sun and stars using a sextant. It wasn't until the 1730s that determining longitude as sea was possible when John Harrison created chronometers, accurate clocks that were not effected by the swaying of the boat. Today, navigating at sea relies on the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites that send continuous radio signals to the surface.
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Western basin edges are dominated by warm poleward-directed currents (for example, Gulf Stream), ...
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