Answer to Question 1
ANSWER: Answers will vary but should cover several of the following points: The major difference
among theories is the degree to which adults serve as guides as compared to serving as directors. The Piagetian and Vygostkian, or constructivist and behaviorist, views have been the most widely applied to education. The constructivist sees the adult as a guide who sets up the environment and supports the childrens active construction of their own knowledge. Support is called scaffolding and assists children in moving up through their ZPD. The behaviorist views the adult as a director who directly shapes the childs behavior and gives him or her specific knowledge that the adult believes to be important. For the behaviorist, extrinsic rewards shape behavior and gradually give way to intrinsic rewards for learning. For the constructivist, the child is by nature a learner and acquiring knowledge is intrinsically rewarding. Research indicates that rewarding children for things that they already like to do can possibly decrease their performance. It has also been found that specific encouragement is more effective than general praise and helps maintain internal motivation.
Answer to Question 2
ANSWER: Answers will include the six types with descriptions:
Parenting
Communicating
Volunteering
Learning at home
Decision making
Collaborating with the community
Adult male tortoise, South Africa
Perform Adult Rescue Breathing and One-Rescuer or Two-Rescuer CPR
Income of Adult Children Compared With That of Their Parents
How lateral inhibition produces contrast enhancement. (Based on Ratliff, 1972.)
Niche: An individual’s ecological role