Answer to Question 1
During the third century B.C.E., the emperor Ashoka made Buddhism the state religion of India. Ashoka's role in spreading Buddhism foreshadowed Constantine's labors on behalf of Christianity; but Ashoka went even further. He initiated official policies of non-violence, promoted vegetarianism, and defended egalitarianism. He built monuments and shrines honoring the Buddha throughout India and he sent Buddhist missionaries as far west as Greece and southeast into Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka).
Despite Ashoka's efforts, Buddhism never gained widespread popularity in India. The strength of the established Hindu tradition there (like that of Judaism in Judea) and the resistance of the Brahmin caste to Buddhist egalitarianism ultimately hindered the success of the new faith. Buddhist communities nevertheless continued to flourish in India until the Islamic invasion of northern India in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, during which time Buddhism became all but extinct. Buddhism did, however, continue to thrive in lands far from its place of birth. In China, Mahayana Buddhism gained an overwhelming following and influence. From China, the new religion spread also to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, where its impact was similarly great. Buddhism's tolerance for other religions enhanced its popularity and universal appeal.
Answer to Question 2
B
Doctors in China pray before operating
Bodhisattva, detail of a fresco wall painting in Cave I, Ajanta, Maharashtra, India.
Core Areas in Preindustrial China
Social scientists have not done well at devising theories to explain lovely romantic moments