After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is characterized by the buildup of glucose in the blood, or hyperglycemia. Diabetes results either from the pancreas not being able to produce the hormone insulin (type 1 diabetes) or if the body's cells become resistant to insulin (type 2 diabetes). Insulin is a protein that binds to receptors on cell surfaces to allow glucose to enter the cell.
In order to manage the disease, type 1 diabetics require frequent insulin injections. Until the 1970s, insulin was obtained from processing the pancreases of large mammals such as cows and pigs; it was then purified for medicinal use. This all changed in the 1970s with the advent of recombinant DNA technology, which allows scientists to insert genes from other species into bacterial plasmids and have bacteria produce proteins from these other species' genes. In 1978, the gene that codes for human insulin was added to a bacterial plasmid and bacteria were used to produce human insulin. These bacteria acted as mini-factories that produced human insulin for type 1 diabetes patients. Today, the production of human insulin from bacteria is commonplace and is a multibillion dollar market for pharmaceutical companies.
In order for bacterial cells to be able to produce the human insulin protein, which of the following is not required?
◦ Bacterial RNA polymerases have to recognize human promoters.
◦ Bacterial ribosomes have to recognize human start and stop codons.
◦ Bacteria have to have a gene for a bacterial form of insulin.
◦ Bacteria and humans have to use the same genetic code.
Risk Factors for Diabetes
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