In the phenomenon known as operant control of pain, the pain behaviors manifested by an individual are determined by
a. the type of injury.
b. social consequences.
c. the side effects of medications.
d. the patient's reaction to treatment.
Question 2
Which of the following is an example of the phenomenon known as operant control of pain behavior?
a. Kate's family has always been critical and demanding. Since her accident, though, family members have become caring and sympathetic.
b. Kim is recovering from a broken leg. Although she is walking on crutches, she has been trying to be as independent as possible.
c. Kinesha had to have a finger amputated after it was partially severed in a slicing accident. Since she feels discomfort in the missing finger, she has been diagnosed with phantom limb pain.
d. Kyomi suffers from chronic back pain. However, she rarely complains about the pain to others and tries to keep her facial expressions from showing that she is in pain.
Areas of referred pain; A, anterior view; B, posterior view.
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Experimental demonstration of respiratory control
Neural pathways for pain
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