Answer to Question 1
Derived from interventions for conduct disorders, family-based approaches seek to modify negative interactions between family members, improve communication between members, and develop effective problem-solving skills to address areas of conflict (Anderson et al., 2007; Spoth et al., 2012). Multisystemic therapy (MST), for example, involves intensive intervention that targets family, peer, school, and community systems; it has been especially effective in the treatment of SUDs among delinquent adolescents (Henggeler et al., 2008).
Answer to Question 2
Sensation seeking has been described as a preference for novel, complex, and ambiguous stimuli, and it has been linked to a range of high-risk behaviors, including adolescent substance use (Martin et al., 2008). A longitudinal study looking at two samples of adolescents between grades 8 and 10 found that sensation seeking had a strong predictive value for both current and future marijuana and alcohol use (Crawford et al., 2003). The relationship between sensation seeking and substance use was strongest for predicting marijuana use, followed by alcohol use, and to a lesser extent, cigarette use. Furthermore, there were both sex and ethnicity differences in levels of sensation seekingmales tended to score higher than females, and white adolescents tended to score higher than adolescents with other ethnic backgrounds.
The Head Start program was designed to increase the school readiness of low-income children.
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