Answer to Question 1
There are three critical, but not exclusive, periods during the family life cycle in which parent training and family counseling are most beneficial. The first occurs during the child's infancy and toddlerhood, when parents are coming to terms with the child's disability and may need assistance in learning ways to provide adequate stimulation of early language formation and similar developmental skills. A second critical time is during the preschool and school years, when parents often want to know more about the best way to teach their child basic academic and social skills. Intensive programs, which demand a considerable amount of the parents' time, are usually best suited for the preschool years, when the family is most focused on child developmental issues (Brown et al., 2008). Finally, parental concerns resurface during the child's emergence into young adulthood. At this age, the child is no longer eligible for funded schooling, and new issues of housing, employment, relationships, and financial planning associated with independent living become concerns.
Answer to Question 2
Shaping is a procedure that begins by forming a list of responses (such as he, ha, hu) that were progressively more similar to the target response (in this case, the word hungry). After an individual mastered the first sound, she would be reinforced only for attempts at the next sound on the list, and so on, until the desired sound or word was gradually shaped.
Checkpoints in the cell cycle.
A young Lipizzan at the Spanish Riding School in training equipment, wearing saddle, bridle and long
A farm family in Custer, Nebraska, in 1888, a region where Populist sentiment was strong.
A Critical Thinking Guide and Checklist
Generalized life cycle for land plants
The cell cycle