Answer to Question 1
B
Answer to Question 2
Risk factors do not necessarily explain suicidal behavior but are the factors that are often found in the backgrounds of suicidal individuals. Five such risk factors include:
a . Suicidal thoughts and talk: An estimated 80 percent of suicides are preceded by some kind of warning, either direct or indirect.
b. Mental disorders, depressive disorders: Diagnosable depressive disorders have been implicated in 40 to 60 percent of suicides. About 15 percent of persons with a diagnosis of major depression or bipolar disorder will eventually kill themselves.
c. Alcoholism: This is associated with approximately 25 percent of suicide deaths, and the presence of depression along with alcoholism is a particularly severe risk factor.
d. Lethal methods: Basically, individuals who choose more lethal methods are more likely to complete a suicide than those who use nonlethal methods (e.g., firearms versus pills).
e. Isolation, living alone, loss of support: Being isolated and lacking the support of positive relationships may well limit a person's access to resources that would otherwise counteract hopelessness.
Paland and Lynch demonstrated the importance of sexual reproduction in reducing the frequency of mal
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