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In 1886, William Bates reported on the discovery of a substance produced by the adrenal gland that turned out to be epinephrine (adrenaline). In 1904, this drug was first artificially synthesized by Friedrich Stolz.
Asthma cases in Americans are about 75% higher today than they were in 1980.
Many people have small pouches in their colons that bulge outward through weak spots. Each pouch is called a diverticulum. About 10% of Americans older than age 40 years have diverticulosis, which, when the pouches become infected or inflamed, is called diverticulitis. The main cause of diverticular disease is a low-fiber diet.
An identified risk factor for osteoporosis is the intake of excessive amounts of vitamin A. Dietary intake of approximately double the recommended daily amount of vitamin A, by women, has been shown to reduce bone mineral density and increase the chances for hip fractures compared with women who consumed the recommended daily amount (or less) of vitamin A.
About 3% of all pregnant women will give birth to twins, which is an increase in rate of nearly 60% since the early 1980s.
![The thorax of apes, including humans, is broad but shallow in contrast to the narrower, deeper chest](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_274477_04_02_15_12_29_07_20601601.jpeg)
![Although Neandertal brain sizes fall well within the modern human range, their EQ is lower than mode](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_273688_23_02_15_7_07_15_208361694.jpeg)