Although drawn to the North by the promise of jobs, many African Americans in northern cities were eventually ensnared in poverty because of
◦ discriminatory hiring practices, the decline of entry-level manufacturing jobs, and the lack of affordable housing.
◦ their move back to the South.
◦ increasing competition with large numbers of European immigrants in the 1940s and 50s.
◦ their unwillingness to work at industrial jobs.