Researchers have examined the effects of teachers changing their instruction so they ask more open-ended questions, such as "What do you notice about the information on the overhead?" instead of asking questions requiring specific answers. Which of the following is the most accurate description of the effects of this change in instruction?
◦ The participation of African American students in the class increased compared to questions requiring specific answers.
◦ The participation of African American students in the class was not changed compared to questions requiring specific answers.
◦ The participation of African American students was not changed compared to questions requiring specific answers, but the answers the students gave to the open-ended questions indicated less thought on the part of the students.
◦ The participation of African American students decreased compared to questions requiring specific answers.
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