Question 1
In an argument, formal or conceptual circularity
◦ always renders the argument question begging.
◦ always renders the argument invalid.
◦ is a matter of degree.
Question 2
In complex question, the presumption is
◦ a debatable assumption entailed by the question.
◦ a claim in part supported by the question.
◦ an explicit statement that answers the question.