Answer to Question 1
There are a number of rationales for punishment, but two are the most common. First, there is a widespread belief that individuals who engage in inappropriate acts of aggression deserve to be punished. They have inflicted harm on othersand on society in generaland should suffer in order to make amends for this harm. This perspective suggests that the amount of punishment people ought to receive should be matched to the magnitude of harm they have caused. The second reason for punishing people who commit aggressive actions is to deter them (or others) from engaging in such behavior in the future. This basis for punishment implies that ease of detection of the crime should be given careful attention; if aggressive actions are hard to detect (e.g., they involve hidden or covert forms of harming others), they should be strongly punished because only strong punishment will deter people from engaging in actions they believe they can get away with.
Answer to Question 2
There are distinct traits that have been shown to exist in bullies and victims of bullying. Bullies are often callous toward the suffering of others, endorse masculine traits, and deal with anxiety issues. They are often high in social intelligence, meaning that they perceive others accurately and are skilled at getting along with others. Victims of bullying, on the other hand, tend to feel unhappy and unsafe, which causes their academic performance to suffer. They tend to be lonely, withdrawn, and socially isolated; that is, they have few friends and are awkward when interacting with peers. Because of this, they are less well liked by their peers and don't have people rushing to help them if they are attacked by bullies.
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