Answer to Question 1
Answer: If a category has a prototype, the prototype represents what is most likely true for the category (e.g., a robin). Individual members of the category will vary from the prototype (e.g., chicken). The degree to which the category members are similar or vary from the prototype creates a typicality gradient. Behavioral research has shown that we learn faster, categorize faster, and make stronger inferences if an item is closer to the prototype.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: A picture depicts one location within the environment. This is analogous to the spatiotemporal window of an image. The pixels of a digital image are analogous to the storage units of an image. The collection of these storage units produces the subject of the picture or the content of an image. Perhaps the biggest difference between a digital picture and a mental image is that a picture evenly represents the visual scene while an image is often uneven. This is likely due to visual attention selecting some aspects of a visual scene over others.
The process of X inactivation
Steric effects caused by ligand binding to the heme of myoglobin
Interaction Between the Effects of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses
Effects of competitive inhibition on enzyme kinetics
The steps in the process of creating a karyotype for chromosome analysis.
Bodily effects of stress