Answer to Question 1
Answer: In our culture, and likely others, it is considered inappropriate for men to display sadness and grief. In some cultures, particularly Japanese culture, it is considered inappropriate for women to display extreme happiness. Those are the display rules of the culture. However, research has also demonstrated that happiness is more easily decoded in the faces of women, and that anger is more easily decoded in the faces of men. Therefore, the cultural display rules of Japan for the display of happiness for women somewhat interferes with the evolutionary pattern for women. That is, it is easier for happiness to be decoded in women's faces than men's, but in Japanese culture, women aren't likely to display extreme happiness very frequently. For men, it is easier to spot anger in their faces, so that is the evolutionary pattern. In our culture, a display of anger is acceptable. Therefore, for men, there are no contradictions between the evolutionary pattern and the cultural display rules. In our culture, men have learned not to express sadness. If there were an evolutionary benefit to displaying sadness for men, then we would see a contradiction between the cultural display rules and the evolutionary pattern.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: A
This chart illustrates the bottom up assumption about government. In this, attitudes, culture, and
Suzuki Harunobu, Two Courtesans, Inside and Outside the Display Window.
Suzuki Harunobu, Two Courtesans, Inside and Outside the Display Window, Japanese.
Suppressing Negative Emotions
Art and culture
Art and culture