Answer to Question 1
c
Answer to Question 2
The biopsychosocial framework involves four interactive forces: biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces. Biological forces include all genetic and health-related factors that affect development. Biological variables such as an individual's health can influence the development of parenting skills. Psychological forces include all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development. Psychological variables such as attitudes about certain types of parenting styles can influence the development of parenting skills. Sociocultural forces include interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development. Sociocultural variables such as the perceptions of others or our culture can influence the development of our parenting skills. Life-cycle forces reflect differences in how the same event affects people of different ages. Life-cycle variables such as ages can influence the development of our parenting skills. A teen mother is likely to develop a parenting style that differs from a mother in her late thirties.