Answer to Question 1
Increased loss of proteins in the urine leads to low levels of proteins in the plasma. This decreases the colloid osmotic pressure such that less fluid is attracted back into the capillaries and accumulates in the tissues.
Answer to Question 2
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of unknown etiology with the development of focal areas of demyelination of the nerve fibers with glial scarring occurring randomly in the brain and spinal cord. It is characterized by neurologic disturbances depending on the location of demyelination. Evidence indicates that MS may be an autoimmune disease initiated by a viral infection in which activated lymphocytes and monocytes targeting the myelin proteins. There is no specific treatment.
The cause of Parkinson disease is unknown; some cases developing following a viral infection of the nervous system or following the use of illicit drugs that damaged the dopamine system; it is a chronic disabling disease characterized by muscle rigidity, increased muscle tone, tremors of fingers and extremities, and repetitive involuntary movements. It results from the progressive loss of neurons in the substantia nigra that release dopamine.
Hematuria. An analysis of urine is performed to evaluate kidney function. In this illustration, the
Secondary intravenous lines: (b) an intravenous piggyback (IVPB) alignment
Kidney absorption
Amyloid plaques (stained blue) in the brain of a deceased patient who had Alzheimer’s disease.
Pathophysiology of celiac disease. In susceptible individuals, gluten-containing foods are digested, ...
Palpating the left kidney